Gilmans “The Yellow Wallpaper” and Steinbecks “The Chrysanthemums Essay Example for Free

Gilmans â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† and Steinbecks â€Å"The Chrysanthemums Essay â€Å"The Chrysanthemums† by John Steinbeck and â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman are short stories which have a female hero battling through a stifling marriage and living in a general public that says that ladies can not exist outside of marriage. The Chrysanthemums composed by John Steinbeck is an anecdote about a lady worn and abused by a male ruled world. A world which breaks a womans will, strips away their humankind, and darkens who they truly are and what they truly desire. Eliza, a wedded lady overlooked by her better half and the world, has discovered a touch of bliss in her nursery. It is here that she discovers comfort and solace. The blossoms are her colleagues. Additionally, in The Yellow Wallpaper, written in the century prior to The Chrysanthemums, is likewise about the persecution of ladies in the public arena by men. On a superficial level it was the narrative of a lady who has a kid and experienced sorrow. Her better half, who is additionally her primary care physician, recommended the â€Å"The Mitchell Treatment†. This was a standard treatment for every psychological issue during this time which comprised of segregation and rest. The lady, the primary character, was put in a storage room for a month of recuperation. Her lone friend was the stripping yellow backdrop. At long last, the two ladies discover, brief as it might be, opportunity. In spite of the fact that composed decades separated, both Steinbeck and Gilman use images and character advancement to build up a subject of female abuse and endurance. The significant image in Steinbecks short story is the Chrysanthemum blossom. Chrysanthemums are healthy blossoms which need explicit consideration, persistence, and tending. Like kids, they should be thought about every day, rewarded with fragile and delicate hands. Inside her nursery heaven she shrouds herself, as a lady. Steinbeck depicts her as a lady that wears a man’s dark cap pulled abominable over her eyes, yokel shoes, a figured print dress totally secured by a major corduroy apron†¦ (1). Eliza, who is childless, invests heavily and comfort in her capacity to develop these astounding blossoms. They speak to for her the youngsters she was always unable to have. She is amazingly defensive of these blossoms mindful and taking care of them like mother nursing her child. She makes a lodging of wire to guarantee that [n]o aphids, no sowbugs or snails or cutworms are there. Her terrier fingers [destroy] such irritations before they [can] begin (1). Like pointy corners of tables and light attachments, Eliza shields her kids from the risks of life. She thinks about this blossoms like she wishes somebody had thought about her delicate fingertips stroking her own sprouts. These blossoms move the main personal minutes that happened among Eliza and her better half in the whole short story. He spouse stops by her nursery and reveals to her how exquisite her blossoms are. She becomes flushed and Steinbeck sees all over there [is] a little smugness(1). Eliza brings forth these astounding animals which bring such a great amount of excellence to the world, and supplies Eliza with her solitary taste of parenthood (Demott 3). So also, Gilman utilizes the image of yellow backdrop. The Yellow Wall-Paper is a little scholarly showstopper. For very nearly fifty years it has been neglected, as has its creator, one of the most instructing women's activists of her time. Presently, with the new development of the women's activist development, Charlotte Perkins Gilman is being rediscovered, and The Yellow Wall-Paper should partake in that rediscovery. The narrative of a womans mental breakdown (Gilman 37). A significant image in The Yellow Wallpaper is simply the backdrop. The Yellow backdrop was a natural character in pragmatist fiction and was regularly seen as disagreeable. (Roth). The storyteller is irritated and in the end shocked by her solitary buddy, the yellow designed backdrop. The development of what the backdrop represented equals the psychological condition of the storyteller. At the point when the storyteller initially settled down to her months worth of rest in the loft of her home, it is the backdrop she despised most. It was old, worn out, and a messy yellow shading. She remarked that the more terrible piece of the backdrop was the dull example. She considered about the backdrop : It is sufficiently dull to confound the eye in following, sufficiently articulated to continually disturb and incite study, and when you follow the faltering dubious bends for a little separation they out of nowhere submit suicideplunge off at unbelievable points, devastate themselves in incredible inconsistencies. The shading is repellent, practically repulsive; a seething messy yellow, oddly blurred by the moderate turning daylight (Gilman 24). The example turned into the focal point of a significant part of the storytellers time. She endeavored on numerous events to make sense of what the example was with no achievement. She is distraught, obviously, at this point, diminished to a jumpy schizophrenic who composes, Ive got out finally disregarding you and Jane. Furthermore, Ive pulled off the vast majority of the paper, so you cannot return me! (36).(Bak). Following a few days of attempting she started to see a sub design which must be seen at specific pieces of the day relying upon the measure of light being sifted through the windows. She concluded that the sub design is that of a lady who is crawling along the floor on her knees, not in any event, having the option to stand. She states â€Å"There is an intermittent spot where the example lolls like a messed up neck and two bulbous eyes gaze at you upside down† (Gilman 25). This lady was detained by the fundamental example and wished uniquely to get away from her confine. The fundamental example turned out to be obvious to the storyteller. She accepted the principle design were leaders of those ladies who endeavored to get away however were captured between the bars. Plainly as the month passed the psychological condition of the storyteller turned out to be progressively precarious. The backdrop and its example additionally spoke to the cultural chains (treatment, family, and marriage) which have detained her for such a long time. The yellow backdrop has gotten equal with the household bars which caught ladies in their second rate jobs as spouses and mother during the 1800s. Using the two images, Steinbeck and Gilman track the inside clash of their individual heroes. In Steinbecks short story, it is the Chrysanthemum which are in a roundabout way answerable for Eliza arousing. The chrysanthemums make a circumstance wherein Eliza meets a man which animates and re-touches off her female sexiness, that has been for some time overlooked. Steinbeck depicts Eliza deprived of her female side and like her home, that she was hard-cleared and hard-cleaned (1). Henry neglects to notice and underestimates the female characteristics which Eliza brings to the relationship. His adoration for her didn't exist any longer. The couple lives like outsiders. Eliza, agreeable and faithful, doesn't addresses her discontent with her better half and their relationship stays vacant. He comments, to her about her chrysanthemums, I wish youd turn out to be in the plantation and raise a few apples that huge (1). She is angry and troubled which makes her cover up in her nursery. One evening while she is taking care of her blossoms she meets a voyaging sales rep who stops and respects her blossoms. Steinbeck depicts the outsider in the accompanying manner: Elisa saw that he was an exceptionally huge man. Despite the fact that his hair and whiskers were turning gray, he didn't look old. His well used dark suit was wrinkled and spotted with oil. The giggling had vanished from his face and eyes the second his snickering voice stopped. His eyes were dull, and they were brimming with the agonizing that gets according to teamsters and of mariners. The calloused hands he laid on the wire fence were broken, and each break was a dark line. He removed his battered cap. (1) At the point when he plays with her by implication, she dissolves. She is anxious for the consideration a man provides for a lady. The outsider outwardly strokes the blossoms, remarking that the blossoms resembled sensitive speedy puff[s] of hued smoke,(243) and she can feels his fingers like they were on her skin. Chrysanthemums speak to Eliza long last exotic nature and her should be satisfied genuinely and inwardly. Eliza rapidly reacts and [tears] off the battered cap and [shakes] out her dull pretty hair(1). The chilly Elisa out of nowhere turns into the picture of flawless gentility delicate and streaming, differentiating against the solid male. She is pulled in to him and offers him the main blessing she can, a burn red chrysanthemum an image of her consecrated womanliness. Through this incitement, Eliza is enlivened to again connect with her body and soul (Wilson 34). After a supper eaten peacefully with a man who doesn't adore her, Eliza is compelled to persevere through the vehicle trip home. Sobbing, and gazing out the window she sees her wicked red chrysanthemums hurled out and about, and she feels her spirit bite the dust by and by. Gilman uses her image of the yellow backdrop similarly, her hero is first detained and afterward stirred by the backdrop. Gilman effectively attests through her utilization of imagery and the psychological disintegration of the portrayal that ladies, when the new century rolled over, experiencing dysfunctional behavior were abused. Her better half, who is likewise her primary care physician, recommended the â€Å"The Mitchell Treatment† (Hume). This was a standard treatment for every single mental issue during this time which comprised of disconnection and rest. The lady, the fundamental character, was set in a storage room for a month of recuperation. Her solitary buddy was the stripping yellow backdrop. Gradually the anonymous storyteller slipped into profound burdensome psychosis. It isn't until she evaded off the treatment and the undetectable cultural chains that she turns out to be well once more. The subject of mistreatment is overwhelmingly present in both short stories. Elizas endowment of the chrysanthemum speaks to the physical cooperation between a man and a lady. After the more odd leaves, with revive breath, she nearly coasts into her home and draws herself a hot shower. She

The Impact Of Innovation

The Impact Of Innovation In this task, the significance of development and the effect that it has in fruitful organizations will be examined. Speculations and instances of development will be appeared just as applicable data about apples history and nitty gritty item data. Additionally it will be discussed the significance that Innovation have had in Apple organization. A SWOT examination of Apple will be introduced as extra data. Points as Leadership and Change the executives are incorporated because of its high relationship with the presentation of an organization and its bearing in a long haul, for this situation is Apple the picked organization. Writing audit 1. Presentation Since the beginning the idea of development has been discussed. Since the hour of traditional business analysts this issue has been available, even in the present age. Additionally significant creators have featured development as basic for the financial that is the reason it is pertinent to examine this marvel. Advancement is one of the key components for organizations that need to contend in an undeniably worldwide and worldwide market. In any case, to meet all requirements for that limit, organizations must put resources into information, structure, look into and a decent methodology to empower them to choose, from the earliest starting point, who they need to turn into. There are numerous definitions about the term advancement and various hypothetical commitments around this wonder. The term improve originates from the Latin historical underpinnings innovare that mean change or modify things by presenting new highlights (Medina Salgado Espindola and Espinosa 1994). Advancement is the creation, osmosis and effective misuse of oddity in the monetary and social condition 1.2 DEFINITIONS OF INNOVATION Advancement is the way toward coordinating existing innovation and developments to make or improve an item, a procedure or a framework. Advancement in a financial sense is the union of another item, procedure or framework improvement (Freeman, C., 1982) Advancement is the particular apparatus of business visionaries (Peter Drucker 1985) The demonstration that supplies assets with another ability to make riches (Peter Drucker 1985). Advancement recognizes a pioneer and a devotee (Steve Jobs 2005) Joseph Schumpeter characterized advancement from a general perspective, considered various instances of progress to be considered as a development. These are: the market presentation of another great or new class of merchandise, the utilization of another wellspring of crude materials (both item advancement), the consolidation of another creation strategy not experienced in a specific part or another method of managing industrially another item (process development), or market advancement which is the foundation of another market structure (Joseph Schumpeter 1935) 2. Kinds OF INNOVATION There are three fundamental sorts of advancement Item Innovation It is the market presentation of another innovation item (whose mechanical attributes contrast fundamentally from past items) or essentially improved (already existing whose exhibition has been improved or significantly improved) Procedure Innovation Is the appropriation of new creation techniques or essentially improved. Can be use to create or convey innovatively new or improved items, which can't be created or conveyed utilizing ordinary strategies for creation, likewise it could increment fundamentally the effectiveness of creation. Hierarchical Innovation It is the presentation of changes in the types of the board of the foundation. There are new changes in the association and the executives procedure, fusing new hierarchical structures 2.1 INNOVATION MODELS There are a few development models, which 4 of them are normal and applicable Straight model The straight model of development is an understanding of the demonstration of advancement, obsolete however is as yet applied much of the time. This model is a method of guessing the sensible succession of the procedure that outcomes in advancement. Succession is too unbending to even think about describing a procedure that depends not just on science/innovation or market to instate the age of advancements. The severe division between development, advancement and promoting doesn't precisely speak to the elements of advancement today. The straight model is an original model, and just considers the push of science/innovation or market pull (ideas 50-60-70 years) as a way to start the procedure of development Open model Open model Innovation is another advancement system wherein organizations get development that originates from outside the companys interior limits. This term was authored by Henry Chesbrough, who in his book Open Innovation, proposes to open the imaginative procedures of advancement, so as to get inventive thoughts from any source, regardless of whether inside or outside to the organization, and not just from the zones devoted to the business action Open Innovation implies joining inner information with outside expert collaboration. Hence, inquire about focuses just as colleges, specialists and different organizations offer answers for organizations of what is known as aggregate insight. This will kick off something new, contacts, openings, where inventive thoughts stream uninhibitedly from any source Teece model Teece proposes a model that considers two factors that are critical to benefit from development: simplicity of impersonation (imitability) and correlative resources. The imitability can happen to licensed innovation, security of innovation or the way that imitators have no forces to impersonate the innovation. Integral resources are past the abilities innovation that the firm needs to misuse (producing, advertising, redistribution channels, administration, notoriety, brand and correlative advances) Blue sea The creator centers around the need to set aside damaging rivalry between organizations on the off chance that you need to be a victor later on, extending the skylines of the market and make an incentive through development. the creator separates two most regular serious circumstances in any industry: blue seas and red seas. Red seas speak to all the ventures that exist today, while blues represent business thoughts right now obscure. In red seas ventures limits are very much characterized and are acknowledged as they seem to be. The more contenders there are, the advantages and development openings lessen, items are normalized to the most extreme and rivalry turns out to be grisly. By differentiate blue seas are portrayed by the making of business sectors in regions that are not at present abused, and that make open doors for supported gainful development and long haul 3. Creative COMPANIES This are a few instances of fruitful organizations Huawei The Chinese organization situated in Shenzhen has arrived at the second situation as a supplier of media communications gear, in front of Alcatel Lucent and Nokia. He as of late vanquished by Nokia Siemens and Ericsson 4G framework agreement in Norway. This year has arrived at its worldwide piece of the overall industry to 20%. Apple Apple organization has won the honor in the classes of devices and music. In under two years, their App Store and sells in excess of 140,000 applications, and clients have downloaded 3 billion to them. He has additionally kept on building up its iTunes music unit with natural development and acquisitions as Lala. He has additionally had the option to control an undeniably fiercer circulation channels Google Google has come out successful in the versatile classification (with a 86% portion of searches) and video (where YouTube is the top server). Google has been an exelent organization to dispatch new items, as Smartphone Nexus One, Android, works the biggest advanced library showcase . First Solar For quite a long time, the race of the worldwide photovoltaic industry has been to limit the expense of vitality creation so as to contend with other vitality sources. First Solar was the main organization to bring down the obstruction to a dollar for every watt, and before the finish of 2009 was $ 0.85 Novartis The Swiss medication creator is a consistent generator of thoughts, in the wake of centering its R D in uncommon illnesses and immunization advancement. The Food and Drug Administration has endorsed no under nine new medications a year ago. refeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee natural impact it very well may be characterize the authoritative condition as all the components that essentially impact the day by day activities of the organization, isolating them into two: small scale condition and full scale condition. Microenvironment This comprises in genuine individuals and associations with whom they cooperate with the organization. Among the principle ones include: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¢ Customers: established by gatherings of people or foundations who purchase the products and utilize the administrations of the association. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¢ Providers: Providers are organization explicit, both data and financing, as the crude material that the organization needs to work. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¢ Competition: explicit organizations that offer merchandise and ventures indistinguishable or like similar gatherings of clients or customers. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¢ controllers: who are the organizations and government agents at the nearby, state and national laws that rebuff and guidelines influencing business activities inside a given nation. macroenvironment: comprehend the social powers that influence the entire microenvironment and incorporates segment powers, monetary, characteristic, mechanical, political, social and serious. Serious condition, each organization must consider its size and position in the business as for its rivals. To endure, an organization must address the issues and wants of purchasers better than does the opposition. Financial condition: includes factors influencing buying force and spending examples of shoppers. Buying power relies upon pay, costs, investment funds and credit existing apart from everything else Innovative condition: the most emotional power that shapes our fate is innovation. World of politics: comprises of laws, government offices and weight bunches that impact and breaking point the exercises of different associations and people in the public eye. Cultura

International Human Resource Management Managing People In A

International Human Resource Management Managing People In A International Human Resource Management: Managing People In A Multinational Context - By Peter J â€" Assignment Example > A bird’s eye view with a powerful vision: A book review of International Human Resource Management: Managing people in a multinational contextA borderless world is a multinational world. For expatriates working in a foreign land it is as if at least two worlds are merging â€" this entails learning a lot of new details which in the their home countries are generally taken for granted as such simple behaviors are acquired over a long period of acculturation. The book by Peter J. Dowling of the University of Canberra, Australia and Denice E. Welch, Melbourne Business School, University of Melbourne, Australia provides us with a bird’s eye view of the complication in going international. Published by South-Western and Thomson in 2005, the book is not simply a guided tour on IHRM and its challenges, the 333 pager offers a powerful vision of a career life time involving international posting. International posting is no easy thing, According to the Journal of International Marketing , the international business climate is being fueled by emerging new economies and that companies in the international business scene are playing in very dynamic situations more so in areas with high instabilities and uncertainties characteristic of emerging economies. (American Management Association, 2006). This only means that the demand on an expatriate is not receding but actually is going up. And anyone who may be contemplating on career in management posted in a foreign land is advised to go over the book, IHRM: Managing People in a Multinational Setting. That is, if one wishes not to go blind on the universe of concerns and issues around IHRM. The book structureIMRM: Managing People… is divided into four parts. Part I takes us on the finer points in understanding the multinational context of a foreign posting. It relates how the field of HRM could be viewed in terms of related activities such as human resource planning, staffing, performance management, training and deve lopment, compensation and industrial relations. Part I also dissects through conceptual modeling the changes which may happen once the situation becomes multinational, when personnel could be divided into host-country nationals (HCNs), parent-country nationals (PCNs) and third-country nationals (TCN). It is not difficult to understand how a simple setting such as a workplace could be so culturally, possibly politically diverse as well. This diversity creates situations, which broaden the concerns of the human resource manager. Dowling and Welch narrates that relocation for example is not a simple moving from point A to B, but involves pre-departure training, immigration related documentation or travel papers, housing in the designated place of assignment, work arrangements including medical and details on social necessities for the expatriate’s family. To top this off is assistance to orient the expatriate on finances including changes in taxation structure. Providing administra tive support to an expatriate could be complicated made complex by differences in culture and laws. Like Phillips (Accountability in Human Resource Management), Dowling and Welch observes that HRM, more so in the multinational context is in a position to shape the company policy as IHRM impact on the organizational ways of conducting business as it adjust to the multinational setting.

Inroduction To Companies Etisalat Lanka Business Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3322 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? As a consultant of leading management consultancy I am going to do a brief research on the organizations and behavior section. To do this assignment I have selected two companies in the telecommunication industry. One is Etisalat Lanka PVT LTD which is based in Abu Dhabi and operating in 18 countries including Sri Lanka and second company is Lanka Bell Services PVT LTD which is operated only in Sri Lanka. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Inroduction To Companies Etisalat Lanka Business Essay" essay for you Create order So in this assignment I am going to discuss briefly in their organizations structure and culture areas, and also I am going to discuss about the current leadership styles of the companies. INRODUCTION TO COMPANIES Etisalat Lanka (PVT)(LTD) Sri Lankas first Cellular networks, then called Celltel inaugurated its operations in 1989. A brand name change was done on the 25th of January 2007 and thereafter named Tigo and this was transformed with Milicom disposing its Asian operations. They are now a company fully owned and operated by the giant Emirates Telecommunication Corporation in UAE. It has extended operations to Asian markets such as India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Indonesia and now Sri Lanka, recording over 100 million subscribers across 18 countries offering opportunities for synergy with their other operations in the region. Etisalat officially commenced its operations in Sri Lanka on the 25th of February 2010. Lanka bell limited Lanka Bell is a telecommunication operator that provides full range of telecommunication service to business and residential customers in Sri Lanka. With the recent introduction revolutionary low cost CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) technology, Lanka Bell continues to expand its robust modern digital network that currently specializes in internet, data and voice services. Lanka Bell was formed in 1997 as the single largest BOI Company in Sri Lanka. It was subsequently acquired by the privately held diversified conglomerate Milford Holdings (Private) Limited in 2005. Lanka Bell remains firmly rooted in Sri Lanka as a telecommunications giant that continues to challenge the industry through its unparalleled portfolio of services. SECTION 01 The organizations structure and culture Lanka Bell and Etisalat Etisalat and Lanka bell both are running in the telecommunication industry so most of the factors in the culture and structure are same. They both are using functional organizational structure 1.1 Organization structure of Lanka Bell Services (PVT) (LTD) Finance Director SalesMarkt. Board of Directors Chairman Managing Director Customer Service Depart. Technical Mang. HR Admin GM Technical Operation Assistant manager Senior manager General Manager -HR Marketing manager Business Analysis Manager HR Manager- Revenue Assurance DGM control /MIS Area Sales Managers Sales Executives HR Assistants Billing staff Director Internal accountant Director Manager- credit control Director Senior service executives Director Trainer GM IT teams Associates clerical Supervisors Director Customer care Executives Director Internal accountant Director Billing staff Director Organization structure of Etisalat Lanka (PVT) (LTD) 1.3 Organizations culture at Lanka bell and Etisalat There are many definitions for organizational culture but a popular and simple way of defining culture is how things are done around here A more detailed definition is : The collection of traditions, values, policies, beliefs, and attitudes that constitute a pervasive context for everything we do and think in an organization (Atkinson) There are four g types of culture such as: Power culture, Role culture, Task culture and person culture. As both companies are in the telecommunication industry and also both companies are larger companies in Sri Lanka they are following the Role culture. What is Role Culture? Role culture stereotyped as a bureaucracy and works by logic and rationality. Role culture rests on the strength of strong organizational pillars the functions of specialists in, for e.g.; finance, purchasing and production. The work of, and interaction between the pillars is controlled by procedures and rules and coordinated by the pediment of senior managers. Role or job description is more important than the individual and position is the main source of power. (Laurie J. Mullins 8th edition) So role culture is Common in most organizations today. In a role culture, organizations are split into various functions and each individual within the function is assigned a particular role. The role culture has the benefit of specialization. Employees focus on their particular role as assigned to them by their job description and this should increase productivity for the company. This culture is quite logical to organize in a large organization. Different dimensions of organizations culture in Etisalat and Lanka Bell Profit Orientation In Etisalat and Lanka Bell profit orientation is law because their main target is to give a best service to their customers, they are concerning highly on customer satisfaction and delight People Orientation People orientation is high in Etisalat because they are paying high salary to their staffs and they are also paying special incentives according to their performance, their working environment is very pleasant, they are organizing get to gather parties and motivational programs for their employees but in Lanka Bell People orientation is Law. Team Orientation Team Orientation is high in Etisalat because its employees prefer to work in groups rather in individuals to achieve their sales targets. So team orientation will lead the company to increase their sales. But in Lanka Bell team orientation is Low where their employees are prefer to work as individuals Innovation Innovation is high in Etisalat they are coming with new products quickly, they starts with prepaid connection, after that came with postpaid, launched 3G, broadband and they are going to launch Etisalat TV. But in Lanka Bell it is very low they are rely only in CDMA connection ] Mission statement of Etisalat Lanka PVT LTD To extend peoples reach. At Etisalat, we are actively developing advanced networks that will enable people to develop, to learn and to grow Vision statement of Etisalat Lanka PVT LTD A world where people reach is not limited by matter or distance. People will effortlessly move around the world, staying in touch with family, making new friends as they go, as well as developing new interests. Businesses of all sizes, no longer limited by distance, will be able to reach new markets. Innovative technologies will open up fresh opportunities across the globe, allowing the supply of new goods and services to everyone who wants them. Vision statement of Lanka Bell Be Sri Lankas premier next generation communication Information Technology solutions provider Mission statement of Lanka Bell To provide innovative next generation technological solutions by identifying and meeting customer needs better than any other industry player, while maximizing the growth of our business for the benefit if our stakeholders Impacts and relationships of two companies through their structure and culture Performance for two companies through their structure and culture How organizational theories underpins the practice of management The different approaches used by the management of both companies There many approaches used by the both companies those are : Human relations approach Systems approach Contingency approach Human Relations approach The main emphasis of the classical writers was on structure and the formal organization, but during the 1920,s the years of the great depression, greater attention began to be paid to the social factors at work and to the behavior of employees within an organization that is, to human relations. Human relations approach Emphasized importance of human attitudes, values and relationships for the efficient and effective functioning of work organizations. Systems approach The classical approach emphasized the technical requirement of the organizations and its needs-organizations without people the human relations approaches emphasized the psychological and social aspects, and the consideration of human- needs- people without organizations Attention is focus on the total work organization and the inter relationships of structure and behavior. Productivity is viewed as a function of the interplay among people, structure, and the environment. The organization is a complex social and technical open system that requires human, financial, and material resources. Contributions of Systems Approach To Management:- Under systems approach, managers have a good view of the organization.It gives importance to interdependence of the different parts of an organization and its environment. It foretastes consequences and plans actions. A system thinking warns managers against adopting piecemeal approach to the problem-solving Contingency Approach The contingency approach to organization developed as a reaction to the idea that there are universal principles for designing organizations, motivating staff etc. newer research suggested that different forms of organizational structure could be equally successful. (Class Notes) The contingency approach, which can be seen as an extension of the systems approach, highlights possible means of differentiating among alternative forms of the organization structures and systems of management. (Laurie J. Mullins 8th edition) The organizations structure must be matched to its environment to enhance performance. The optimal form of an organization is contingent on the circumstances faced by that organization including patients, third-party payers, regulators, and personnel. Section 02 Different leadership styles that Etisalat and Lanka Bell are following: Definition Leadership style is the way in which the functions of leadership are carried out, the way in which typically behaves towards members of the group. Both companies are using the Democratic style, and Laissez- faire (Genuine) style because of marketing growth and due to the size of the company, for which the autocratic style is not suitable to follow in the telecommunication industry. Democratic style is where the focus is more with the group as a whole, and there is greater interaction within the group. The leader ship functions are shared with the members of the group and the manager is more part of a team. Laissez- faire (Genuine) style is where the manager observes that members of the group are working well on their own. The manager consciously makes a decision to pass the focus of power to members, to allow them freedom of action to do as they think best, and not to interfere but is readily available if help is needed. There is often confusion over the style of leadershi p behavior. Analysis of different leadership styles and their effectiveness The democratic leader works with the group to help members to come to their own decisions, the Laissez- faire leader leaves the group alone to do whatever it wants. Both styles are good for both the companies, because there are number of teams, and departments, in both companies. Therefore the democratic style will suite certain departments and teams, when there is a situation where the team members are unable to make a good decision, compared to the Laissez- faire style which will be applicable to departments and teams who are able to make effective decisions rather than relying on the managers decisions. Effectiveness of Democratic Style Risk is low. Managers have experience in making effective decisions; therefore this reduces the risk of making bad or wrong choices. If the ideas are going to be open for everyone, then everyone needs to feel comfortable enough to put their ideas on the table. So there are lots of ideas will generated It takes advantage of the knowledge and expertise of individuals in different areas, for high quality, flexible decision making. Keeps staff informed about everything that affects their work and shares decision making and problem solving responsibilities. Staff likes the trust they receive and respond with cooperation, team spirit, and high morale increasing. Develops plans to help staff evaluate their own performance. Allows staff to establish goals Encourages staff to grow on the job and be promoted Effectiveness of Laissez- faire (Genuine) style The manager provides little or no direction and gives staff as much freedom as possible so it motivates employees. In the telecommunication sector there are lots of sales team so, those teams can do their own works to achieve their own goals, this will increase the sales All authority or power given to the staff and they determine goals, make decisions, and resolve problems on their own. Employees are involved in decisions. This encourages motivation through greater interest and involvement so new ideas are generated. The free reign approach can prove an effective type of leadership when the team has achieved identity and cohesion, resulting in motivated and resourceful team members. In such situations, the sharing of authority and minimal direction empowers team members. Impact that different leadership styles may have on motivation of employees of Etislat and Lanka Bell when they face the technological breakthrough When there is a technological breakthrough that has taken place last week affecting the companies, and the industry as whole, a democratic style leader could consider the following actions to motivate the employees: Introducing the main goal of the given project Encourage team members to communicate openly, honestly and continuously Members should be made aware of the companys economical structure and growth to help them think and produce ideas that are more applicable to the company. Arranging a brainstorming session to collect new ideas to compete with the breakthrough. The ideas collected through the brainstorming session have to go through the new product development process in order to face the new technological breakthrough. Increasing the working hours, and pay the employees more for working overtime. Should produce special incentives according to their performance SECTION 03 3.1 DIFFERENT MOTIVATIONAL THEORIES FOR LANKA BELL Maslows hierarchy of need theory A useful starting point is the work of Maslow and his theory of individual development and motivation published originally in 1943. Maslows basic preposition is that people wanting beings. They always want more, and what they want depends on what they already have. He suggests that human needs are arranged in a series of levels, a hierarchy of importance. (Mullins, pg 257, 8th Ed. 2007). In this motivation theory Maslow has identified the human needs in five main levels. From at the lowest level physiological needs, through safety needs, love needs and esteem needs, to the need for self-actualization. 450px-Maslows_Hierarchy_of_Needs.svg.png Image 01. Maslows hierarchy of need model Herzbergs two-factor theory The Two-factor theory (also known asÂÂ  Herzbergs motivation-hygiene theoryÂÂ  andÂÂ  Dual-Factor Theory) states that there are certain factors in theÂÂ  workplaceÂÂ  that causeÂÂ  job satisfaction, while a separate set of factors cause dissatisfaction. Herzbergs original study consisted of interviews with 203 accounts and engineers, chosen because of their growing importance in the business world from different industries in the Pittsburgh area of America. He used the critical incident method. Subjects were asked to relate times when they felt exceptionally good or exceptionally bad about their present job or any previous jobs, they were asked to give reasons and a description of the sequence of events giving rise to that feeling. Responses to the interviews were generally consistent and revealed that there were two different sets of factors affecting motivation and work. This led to the two-factor theory of motivation and job satisfaction. (Mullin s, pg 261, 8th Ed. 2007). images.jpg Vrooms expectancy theory The model of motivation of Vrooms expectancy theory, particularly as it was extended by Porter and Lawler and supplemented by several other theories. Expectancy theory is a broad theory of motivation that attempts to explain the determinants of workplace attitudes and behaviors. The three major concepts underline expectancy theory are those of Valence, Instrumentality and Expectancy, which form VIE theory. Valance: Valance is a measure of the attraction a given outcome holds for an individual, or the satisfaction the person anticipates receiving from a particular outcome. Instrumentality: Instrumentality is a persons belief about the relationship between performing an action and experiencing an outcome. Determining peoples instrumentalities is important because their desire to perform a particular action is likely to be strong only when both valance and instrumentality are perceived as acceptably high. Expectancy: Expectancies are beliefs regarding the link between making an effort and actually performing well whereas knowledge about valances and instrumentalities tells us what an individual wants to do. We cannot know what the individual will try to do without knowing the persons expectancies. Conclusion Expectancy theory thus defines motivation in terms of desire and effort whereby the achievement of desired outcomes results from the interaction of valances, instrumentalities, and expectancies. Desire comes about only when both valance and instrumentality are high, and effort comes about only when all three are high. 4. Theory X and Theory Y of Douglas McGregor: McGregor, in his book The Human side of Enterprise states that people inside the organization can be managed in two ways. The first is basically negative, which falls under the category X and the other is basically positive, which falls under the category Y. After viewing the way in which the manager dealt with employees, McGregor concluded that a managers view of the nature of human beings is based Under the assumptions of theory X: Employees inherently do not like work and whenever possible, will attempt to avoid it. Because employees dislike work, they have to be forced, coerced or threatened with punishment to achieve goals. Employees avoid responsibilities and do not work fill formal directions are issued. Most workers place a greater importance on security over all other factors and display little ambition. In contrast under the assumptions of theory Y: Physical and mental effort at work is as natural as rest or play. People do exercise self-control and self-direction and if they are committed to those goals. Average human beings are willing to take responsibility and exercise imagination, ingenuity and creativity in solving the problems of the organization. That the way the things are organized, the average human beings brainpower is only partly used. On analysis of the assumptions it can be detected that theory X assumes that lower-order needs dominate individuals and theory Y assumes that higher-order needs dominate individuals. An organization that is run on Theory X lines tends to be authoritarian in nature, the word authoritarian suggests such ideas as the power to enforce obedience and the right to command. In contrast Theory Y organizations can be described as participative, where the aims of the organization and of the individuals in it are integrated; individuals can achieve their own goals best by directing their efforts towards the success of the organization. However, this theory has been criticized widely for generalization of work and human behavior. SUITABLE MOTIVATIONAL THEORY FOR MANGERS AT LANKA BELL From the theories mentioned above it is understandable that managers need to pick one or two theories that are more applicable for their own company to work more effectively and generate higher numbers of positive outcomes Therefore based on this assignment manager of Lanka bell needs to pick out a suitable motivational theory in order to run the company with great success. Understanding the needs of Lanka bell it would be advisable that the manager should initially pick Herzbergs two-factor theory due to the following reasons. Why Herzbergs two-factor theory is important? And effectiveness of using Herzbergs two-factor theory Herzberg (1968) saw two basic needs of individuals, and he suggests two factors. The need to avoid unpleasantness, satisfied (temporarily, and in a rather negative way) by environmental factors The need for personal growth, satisfied at work only by motivating factors Environmental Factor or Hygiene factor In this factor Herzberg has explained about the working environment which is company policy and administration, Salary and job security, in this factor he mentioned the main needs of the employers. Motivator factor Motivator factors, on the other hand, create job satisfaction and can motivate an individual to superior performance and effort. These factors fulfill the individuals higher need for a sense of self-actualization or personal growth, and include: Status Advancement Gaining recognition Being given responsibility Challenging work Achievement Growth in the job Effectiveness of using Herzbergs two-factor theory Herzberg encouraged managers to study the job itself (nature of tasks, levels of responsibility) rather than conditions of work. Dissatisfaction arise from environment factors-satisfaction can only arise from the job. If there is sufficient challenge, scope and interest in the job, there will be a lasting increase in satisfaction and the employee will work well; productivity will be above normal levels. the extent to which the job must be challenging or creative in order to provide motivation will depend on each individual, his ability, his expectation and tolerance for delayed success. CONCLUTION

Essay about Faulkners Use of Foreshadowing in A Rose For...

In William Faulkner’s short story A Rose for Emily the order of events, though ordered un-chronologically, still contains extensive uses of foreshadowing. Faulkner Foreshadows Emily’s inability to perceive death as finality, Homer Baron’s death, and the fact that she [Emily] is hoarding Homers dead body. Faulkner also uses precise detailing and dynamic repetition in certain areas that contain foreshadowing, to grasp the reader’s attention. At the beginning of the short story, Faulkner does not elude too much to the coming events in the story. Perhaps our first clue of things to come, comes from this text on page 90 So she vanquished them, horse and foot, just as she had their fathers thirty years before about the smell. That was two†¦show more content†¦Emily says to the druggist â€Å"I want poison† (p.94) She says this twice which is important to this text. If you read further in that passage the writer has taken careful consideration to make that passage very detailed. By the end of the paragraph the author has strongly alerted us that Emily will kill something bigger than rats, something like a human. The impact of this short phrase â€Å"I want poison† in the story as well as not telling the druggist what she wants the poison for, leaves the reader to draw his or her own conclusions. In the case of the town, they thought that Emily would kill herself. Another detailed passage in this story is when Emily is buying several men’s items such as a toilet set, and a man’s suite as well as having the pieces of the toilet set monogrammed with the initials H.B. At the point in the story when Emily is purchasing these men’s items, Homer has not been seen at all by anyone since he was last seen entering Emily’s house one evening several days before. However the town’s people presume that Homer has simply left town for a while but that they are still getting married. This event is de tailed foreshadowing because it allows the reader to ask why would Emily buy men’s things if he has not been seen in some time? And reflecting on the answer. One of the more subtle repetitive foreshadowing phrases in this story is â€Å"iron grey† (p.95) which is repeated twice when describing Emily’s hair. Although this foreshadow is notShow MoreRelatedEssay on William Faulkners A Rose for Emily1539 Words   |  7 PagesWilliam Faulkners A Rose for Emily As any reader can see, A Rose for Emily is one of the most authentic short stories by Faulkner. His use of characterization, narration, foreshadowing, and symbolism are four key factors to why Faulkners work is idealistic to all readers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The works of William Faulkner have had positive effects on readers throughout his career. Local legends and gossip trigger the main focus of his stories. 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How to Write a Research Essay Free Essays

This guide looks at writing a research essay. We also have other useful guides to different sorts of essays including persuasive essays and critical essays, so take a look at these as well. Obviously, research essays have a lot in common with the other forms of essays: the language should be academic, and they should be clearly structured with an introduction, main body and conclusion. We will write a custom essay sample on How to Write a Research Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Refer to our guide ‘what is an essay’ for more details. This guide will focus on what is unique about a research essay. The Purpose of a Research Essay In order to understand how to write a research essay, it is necessary to understand what it is, so you can focus upon what you are asked to do. A research essay is primarily concerned to give an informed overview of a particular topic, based on the most appropriate research in the field. Depending on the subject, the research may also need to be recent. In some cases, a research essay also needs to analyse or critique a perspective, or argue for a particular point of view. All research essays should present a full survey of a particular field of knowledge. Research essays, or papers, are associated particularly with PhDs. Getting Started Make sure you thoroughly understand what you are asked to do, read the title (if there is one) and also any documents your tutor has given you with further guidelines. Are you being asked to do a report on a particular topic, analyse an issue, or something else Plan a schedule of work (what you are going to do, and by when) and set deadlines for yourself in order to meet the final deadline set by your department. Use the course textbooks, reading materials and reading lists as a starting point. Expand outwards and carry out keyword searches in relevant electronic databases. Use bibliographies and reference lists for more ideas. Keep a note of questions and ideas as you go along. Working on your Essay Continue to make notes as you research. Consider using a table to collate information. Don’t forget to include full details of the paper or textbook – you’ll need these for the reference list. Note the page number of any quotations you use It’s often a good idea to brainstorm with others: your tutor, your fellow students, or even friends outside your course. Different people bring new perspectives. Make sure you are working to schedule. If there’s a problem and you are finding it hard to progress as you need to, consider seeking advice from your tutor. You might be being unreasonable about how long stages should really take, or using inappropriate research strategies. As you research, move from a broad focus to a narrow one. Initially look for overviews of the topic using a range of tools from key word searches of internet databases to hand searching journals. While giving a broad overview, and covering different perspectives, don’t lose track of what interests you about the topic. As you learn more about the subject, continuing to make notes, develop a particular focus to shape your essay. Writing Up your Ideas Organization is key. You should by now have an extensive collection of well-organised notes. Start organising the collection in terms of common themes or sub-topics. This stage may well reveal gaps in your research which you can now address. You should now be breaking down the information into its parts, and showing how they relate to each other, looking at different aspects of the topic and relating them together. You could compare and contrast, bring out advantages and disadvantages, show the logic of cause and effect, develop the implications of a particular premise Now is also the stage to remove irrelevant information Make sure your writing style is appropriate for an academic audience. Your tutor might suggest a model structure, otherwise you might use an outline similar to this: Introduction (problem statement, outline of area, what will be covered) Main body I (overview of area) Main body II (main theoretical perspectives) Main body III (practical perspectives / current implications of topic) Main body IV (the future, suggestions, reflections) Conclusion (summary of essay, suggestions for future research / practice) And Finally†¦ Consider having other people read through your essay and critique it. Even if you disagree with their comments, the new perspective is useful. Read through your essay yourself to check it makes sense; look for grammatical and spelling errors. It’s easier to do this if you print a copy out rather than reading it again on screen. Double check your references and citations. Make sure you use the recommended format. Bibliography State University of New York (2013) ‘What is a Research Paper?’ [online] (cited 13th February 2013) available from http://www.esc.edu/online-writing-center/resources/research/research-paper/ University of Leicester (2013) Writing Guide 2: Writing a Research Paper [online] (cited 13th February 2013) available from http://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/law/current/writing-guide/Writing_Guide_Research_Paper_2009.pdf Schwartz, K L (1997) ‘Step by Step Research and Writing’, [online] (cited 12th February 2013) available from http://www.cs.nott.ac.uk/~gzt/tips/step_by_step_research_and_writing.pdf How to cite How to Write a Research Essay, Essays

How to Write a Research Essay Free Essays

This guide looks at writing a research essay. We also have other useful guides to different sorts of essays including persuasive essays and critical essays, so take a look at these as well. Obviously, research essays have a lot in common with the other forms of essays: the language should be academic, and they should be clearly structured with an introduction, main body and conclusion. We will write a custom essay sample on How to Write a Research Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Refer to our guide ‘what is an essay’ for more details. This guide will focus on what is unique about a research essay. The Purpose of a Research Essay In order to understand how to write a research essay, it is necessary to understand what it is, so you can focus upon what you are asked to do. A research essay is primarily concerned to give an informed overview of a particular topic, based on the most appropriate research in the field. Depending on the subject, the research may also need to be recent. In some cases, a research essay also needs to analyse or critique a perspective, or argue for a particular point of view. All research essays should present a full survey of a particular field of knowledge. Research essays, or papers, are associated particularly with PhDs. Getting Started Make sure you thoroughly understand what you are asked to do, read the title (if there is one) and also any documents your tutor has given you with further guidelines. Are you being asked to do a report on a particular topic, analyse an issue, or something else Plan a schedule of work (what you are going to do, and by when) and set deadlines for yourself in order to meet the final deadline set by your department. Use the course textbooks, reading materials and reading lists as a starting point. Expand outwards and carry out keyword searches in relevant electronic databases. Use bibliographies and reference lists for more ideas. Keep a note of questions and ideas as you go along. Working on your Essay Continue to make notes as you research. Consider using a table to collate information. Don’t forget to include full details of the paper or textbook – you’ll need these for the reference list. Note the page number of any quotations you use It’s often a good idea to brainstorm with others: your tutor, your fellow students, or even friends outside your course. Different people bring new perspectives. Make sure you are working to schedule. If there’s a problem and you are finding it hard to progress as you need to, consider seeking advice from your tutor. You might be being unreasonable about how long stages should really take, or using inappropriate research strategies. As you research, move from a broad focus to a narrow one. Initially look for overviews of the topic using a range of tools from key word searches of internet databases to hand searching journals. While giving a broad overview, and covering different perspectives, don’t lose track of what interests you about the topic. As you learn more about the subject, continuing to make notes, develop a particular focus to shape your essay. Writing Up your Ideas Organization is key. You should by now have an extensive collection of well-organised notes. Start organising the collection in terms of common themes or sub-topics. This stage may well reveal gaps in your research which you can now address. You should now be breaking down the information into its parts, and showing how they relate to each other, looking at different aspects of the topic and relating them together. You could compare and contrast, bring out advantages and disadvantages, show the logic of cause and effect, develop the implications of a particular premise Now is also the stage to remove irrelevant information Make sure your writing style is appropriate for an academic audience. Your tutor might suggest a model structure, otherwise you might use an outline similar to this: Introduction (problem statement, outline of area, what will be covered) Main body I (overview of area) Main body II (main theoretical perspectives) Main body III (practical perspectives / current implications of topic) Main body IV (the future, suggestions, reflections) Conclusion (summary of essay, suggestions for future research / practice) And Finally†¦ Consider having other people read through your essay and critique it. Even if you disagree with their comments, the new perspective is useful. Read through your essay yourself to check it makes sense; look for grammatical and spelling errors. It’s easier to do this if you print a copy out rather than reading it again on screen. Double check your references and citations. Make sure you use the recommended format. Bibliography State University of New York (2013) ‘What is a Research Paper?’ [online] (cited 13th February 2013) available from http://www.esc.edu/online-writing-center/resources/research/research-paper/ University of Leicester (2013) Writing Guide 2: Writing a Research Paper [online] (cited 13th February 2013) available from http://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/law/current/writing-guide/Writing_Guide_Research_Paper_2009.pdf Schwartz, K L (1997) ‘Step by Step Research and Writing’, [online] (cited 12th February 2013) available from http://www.cs.nott.ac.uk/~gzt/tips/step_by_step_research_and_writing.pdf How to cite How to Write a Research Essay, Essays